# Laureates

firstname: Pierre
surname: Curie
born: 05/15/1859
died: 04/19/1906
bornCountry: France
bornCountryCode: FR
bornCity: Paris
diedCountry: France
diedCountryCode: FR
diedCity: Paris
city: Paris
country: France
name:
École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry)


firstname: Hermann
surname: Staudinger
born: 03/23/1881
died: 09/08/1965
bornCountry: Germany
bornCountryCode: DE
bornCity: Worms
diedCountry: West Germany
diedCountryCode: DE
diedCity: Freiburg im Breisgau
city: Breisgau
country: Federal Republic of Germany
name:
Staatliches Institut für makromolekulare Chemie (State Research Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry), Freiburg


firstname: Konrad
surname: Lorenz
born: 11/07/1903
died: 02/27/1989
bornCountry: Austria
bornCountryCode: AT
bornCity: Vienna
diedCountry: Austria
diedCountryCode: AT
diedCity: Vienna
city: Altenberg; Grünau im Almtal
country: Austria
name:
Konrad-Lorenz-Institut der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissen­schaften, Forschungsstelle für Ethologie


# Prizes

Category: Chemistry
Overall Motivation:
for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules

Motivation:
for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules


Category: Chemistry
Overall Motivation:
for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules

Motivation:
for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone


Category: Chemistry
Overall Motivation: for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry
Motivation:
for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equlibrium by means of very short pulses of energy


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses


Category: Chemistry
Motivation:
in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development


Category: Economics
Motivation:
for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed


Category: Literature
Motivation:
author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization


Category: Literature
Motivation:
that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for an &aelig;uvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts


Category: Literature
Motivation:
who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength 	2\r\n501	Literature	1965		638	for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in <I>The Old Man and the Sea,</I> and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <I>Les Thibault</I>


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters


Category: Literature
Motivation:
principally for his great novel, <I>Buddenbrooks</I>, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty


Category: Literature
Motivation:
for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament


Category: Literature
Motivation:
as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings


Category: Literature
Motivation:
because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West


Category: Literature
Motivation:
primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations


Category: Literature
Motivation:
as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author


Category: Literature
Motivation:
not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama


Category: Literature
Motivation:
as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit


Category: Literature
Motivation:
the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, <I>A history of Rome</I>


Category: Literature
Motivation:
in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it


Category: Medicine
Motivation:
for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women&apos;s rights to full participation in peace-building work


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change 	2\r\n68	Peace	2007		819	for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change 	2\r\n78	Peace	2006		809	for their efforts to create economic and social development from below


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa


Category: Peace
Motivation:
in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community


Category: Peace
Motivation:
for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates


Category: Physics
Motivation: for the development of neutron spectroscopy
Overall Motivation:
for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro- dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect


Category: Physics
Motivation:
in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields


Category: Physics
Motivation:
in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid


Category: Physics
Motivation:
in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases


Category: Physics
Motivation:
for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies


Category: Physics
Motivation:
in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity


Category: Physics
Motivation:
in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel


Category: Physics
Motivation:
in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena


Category: Physics
Motivation:
in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him


